Background

Our annual report aims to identify and analyze information disorder trends in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region for the year 2024. Information disorder is defined as a broad category that includes the dissemination of false information without the intent to cause harm (misinformation); the intentional spread of false information to cause harm (disinformation); and the sharing of accurate information in a way that causes harm (malinformation). These three categories are collectively referred to as MDM. Throughout this report, the terms information disorder and MDM are used interchangeably. Likewise, coordinated online campaigns refer to real, fake, or duplicate social media accounts created with the purpose of .manipulating audiences and promoting specific narratives, often linked to governments.